Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. The invasion failed, however. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Company Reg no: 04489574. Why was France a threat? They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. 2. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Boston House, Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. he could also overthrow her. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. West Yorkshire, After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. 214 High Street, The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Apply for student finance without a bank account? This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Become a Member | There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Spanish invasion plans. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. 214 High Street, - send 2000 to rebels. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. LS23 6AD Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. LS23 6AD This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. The conspirators including Babington were all. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. - Leith blockade. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. King Philip of Spain sent an. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. . Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Elizabeth I: a biography. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. Overview of Elizabeth I / Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). They began to revolt against the Spanish. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. 214 High Street, A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. 2) This war was not a success. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . What were the causes of westward The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. Boston Spa, The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. 14-16 / The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou.
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